Rendering of Terrain and Water Surface in a Computer Game

Tato bakalářská práce je zaměřená na vykreslování vody a terénu, což je klíčová část mnoha počítačových her a simulací. Výsledná aplikace běží plynule a je vytvořená v XNA Frameworku. Vykreslování terénu zahrnuje multitexturování a stínování. Simulace vody popisuje odraz a lom paprsků na vodní hladině. Pěna je vykreslována na břehu vody. Vodní vlny jsou počítány pomocí inverzní diskrétní Fourierovy transformace.This bachelor's thesis deals with rendering of water and terrain, which is a key part of many computer games and simulations. The resulting application runs fluently and is powered by XNA Framework. Rendering of terrain includes multi-texturing and lighting. The water simulation includes reflection and refraction of ray on water surface. Foam is rendered on the bank of water. Water waves are computed using the inverse discrete Fourier transform.

3D print of gearbox housing model

V této práci je představen návrh převodové skříně pro dvoustupňovou převodovku s čelním soukolím kuchyňského robotu. Pevnostní výpočet je řešený iteračně pomocí MKP analýzy. Práce obsahuje rešerši z oblasti převodových skříní, model převodovky v digitální formě a vytištěný prototyp převodovky, který slouží k demonstraci jednotlivých uložení a použití normalizovaných součástí. Tato bakalářská práce by měla sloužit jako úvod do komplexní problematiky převodových skříní a zároveň nabízí konstrukční řešení jednoho konkrétního problému.This bachelor thesis focuses on the design of two stage spur gearbox housing for food processor. Strength calculation was conducted using FEM analysis. State of the art from the field of transmission casing, CAD model and prototype created by 3D print are parts of the thesis. 3D printed model is meant for demonstration of bearing seats and use of normalized mechanical elements. The thesis should provide fundamentals of gearbox housing and show a solution of one case.

Transformations of Ontologies

Tato diplomová práce je zaměřena na import ontologie v jazyku OWL 2 do vnitřních struktur anotačního 4A serveru. Zabývá se především způsobem zpracování anonymních uzlů, jako například anonymních tříd nebo vlastností. V řešení bylo použito knihovny The OWL API pro import ontologií. Navržené řešení mimo jiné umožňuje automatické generování názvů k anonymním třídám a vlastnostem.This master's thesis describes importing the ontology in language OWL 2 into the internal structures of 4A annotation server. It is concerned in anonymous nodes, for example in anonymous classes or anonymous properties. The solution was to use the library The OWL API for import ontology. The solution also allows automatic generation of names to anonymous classes and properties.

Life Cycle Assessment Method – Tool for Evaluation of Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Agriculture and Food Processing

The chapter focuses on the use of the Life Cycle Assessment method to monitor the emission load of foods from different systems of farming production. The products of the conventional and organic farming production intended for public catering are compared within the SUKI and UMBESA international projects. Conventional farming is mainly characterized by high inputs of mineral fertilizers, chemical pesticides, the use of hormones and stimulants in animal husbandry. It is a system based on the highest possible yields without respecting the natural principles of nature. Conversely, organic farming is a system of production established by the legislation that respects fundamental natural cycles, such as crop rotation, ensures welfare of animals, prohibits the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and other substances of synthetic origin. However, lower yields are a big disadvantage. In the Czech Republic, only about one tenth of the agricultural fund is currently used for organic farming. Arable land constitutes only about 10% of the total area of agricultural land, other areas are mainly grasslands and orchards. The work primarily aims to answer to the question whether the selection of foods may contribute to decrease in greenhouse gas emissions, which is a part of the objectives of many policies. Besides the comparison of agricultural production, processed and unprocessed foods, local and imported foods and fresh and stored foods were compared as well. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is used to assess environmental impacts of products and services throughout their entire life cycle, was used to quantify the emission load. This method may be briefly characterized as a gathering of all inputs and outputs that take place during the production in the interaction with the environment. These inputs and outputs then also determine the impact on the environment. The LCA consists of four successive and iterative phases: This concerns the definition of objectives and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation of the results. The LCA was originally developed for the assessment of impacts of especially industrial products. Certain methodological problems and deficiency, which bring a level of uncertainty of the results, have been caused by its adaptation to agricultural product assessment, but this method is still recommended for comprehensive assessment of environmental impacts of agricultural production and the comparison of different agricultural products. In this study, a Cradle-to-Gate assessment was performed, which means that the impacts of products (in this case the emission formation) were evaluated only to the delivery of foods to public facilities, further treatment and waste management was not assessed. About 20 most frequently used foods for school catering facilities were compared. The results of the project confirm the general assumption about the less emission load of unprocessed, fresh and local products. It may not clearly state that products from organic farming produce less emissions when comparing agricultural systems. It always depends on the particular crop. The absence of synthetic substances such as fertilizers and pesticides reduces the emission load of organic farming, on the other hand, a higher number of mechanical operations and especially the lower income clearly increase the emission burden, therefore, in several cases, lower emission loads of crops were achieved using the conventional farming system. However, less emission may be achieved within the organic farming system. Among 11 evaluated agricultural products, 8 organic products and only 3 conventional ones go better. The situation is different regarding the following phases of food production, processing and transport. The transport phase significantly worsens the environmental profile of organic foods, because transport distances are too far due to insufficient processing capacity and underdeveloped market networks, and often exceed the emission savings from the agricultural phase. On the contrary, conventional foods are carried within relatively short distances, therefore the final emission load of conventional foods is in many cases fewer than the load of organic foods. This fact is also confirmed by the result of the study, because among 22 evaluated foods, organic food goes better in 11 cases and conventional food in 11 cases as well

Winter wheat mixtures influence grain rheological and Mixolab quality

This study aims to investigate the effect of a mixture of winter wheat varieties on grain rheological characteristics and the quality of wheat flour analyzed by Mixolab. In the 2019-2020 growing season, a small plots experiment was carried out in an organically certified field in the Czech Republic. The experiment was conducted by randomized complete block design with three replicates, four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties with four mixtures of the same varieties in equal proportions. Based on the results, the expected grain yield was not achieved. The quality of wheat productivity was significantly different among treatments in terms of protein content, wet gluten, sedimentation value, and falling number (P < 0.001). Protein content ranged between 8.04% and 9.85%, mixtures of Butterfly + Lorien and Illusion + Lorien were higher in protein than Illusion and Vanessa varieties and their combination. The highest wet gluten was found under mixtures of Butterfly + Lorien varieties (19.34%) while sowing Butterfly variety gave the highest Zeleny test and falling number compared to other treatments. Butterfly + Lorien and Butterfly + Vanessa mixtures obtained good results for falling number at 250.67 and 272.67 seconds. There were significant differences in rheological quality parameters of winter wheat varieties analyzed by Mixolab including stability, weakening of protein, and starch (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, except slope gamma). Although the observed benefits were limited to grain yield, mixtures of individual cultivars appear to be a potential tool to improve overall crop performance (grain quality)

CHANGE OF A HIGHWAY ROUTE CAUSED BY A ROCKSLIDE

During the spring of 2013, a relatively large rockslide with a total area of 96,952 m2 occurred in the eastern part of the Malá Fatra mountains. The anticipated depth of the slip surfaces was from 30 to 40 metres and the volume of moving mass was estimated to be 2,000,000 m3. The maximum movement of the rockslide on the first day in March 2013 was estimated to be 43 m. The front of the rockslide interfered with the projected D1 highway route. The paper presented here offers an analysis of the causes of the rockslide and its activity in association with the potential threat to the proposed highway

Drought impact on the germination of selected energy grass species

Za účelem získání dostatečného množství fytomasy pro potřeby ekoenergetiky jsou dnes na orné půdě zakládány monokulturní porosty trav. V souvislosti s měnícím se klimatem a častějšími obdobími sucha je důležité hledat druhy a odrůdy, jež jsou schopny těmto stresovým podmínkám odolat. V článku jsou popsány výsledky vlivu sucha na klíčení semen čtyř vybraných travních druhů vhodných pro energetické využití. Zkoumanými druhy byly ovsík vyvýšený (Arrhenatherum elatius L.) – odrůda Median, srha laločnatá (Dactylis glomerata L.) – odrůda Padania, maďarská tráva Elymus elongatus – odrůda Szarvasi-1 a lesknice rákosovitá (Phalaris arundinacea L.) – odrůda Chrastava. Ačkoliv se druhy mezi sebou lišily v klíčivosti (p 0,05).In order to gain a sufficient amount of phytomass for the needs of eco-energetics, there are monocultural grasslands established on the arable land. In the context of the changing climate and more frequent periods of drought, it is important to look for grass species and varieties that are able to withstand these stress conditions. Influence of droughtness on germination of four selected energy grass species is decribed in paper. The investigated species were tall meadow oat (Arrhenatherum elatius L.) - the Median variety, orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) - the Padania variety, tall wheatgrass (Elymus elongatus) - the Szarvasi-1 variety and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) - the Chrastava variety. Although the species differed in the germinability (p 0.05)

Organic seed production in the Czech Republic

The Council Regulation (EC) No. 834/2007, and the Commission Regulation (EC) No. 889/2008, lay down the law to solely use organic seeds in order to establish organic crop stands. The seed must originate from plants being grown in compliance with the organic farming rules for at least one generation. Seed reproduction is an extremely difficult process. The reproduction crop stand and seed must meet the requirements of the seed certification and authorization procedure as conventional plants and seed do, but organic farming does not allow the use of any pesticides or mineral nitrogenous fertilizers, etc. Organic farmers may use certified organic seeds or farm saved seed in order to establish the crop stand. They may also apply for an exception (derogation) and use the conventional untreated seed. Quality of certified seed is protected by the Seed law and the regulations. Certified seed guarantees basic seed quality for the farmers. But seed controll system cannot express the biological value. The differeces in seed quality are connected to propagation conditions at the farm and also level of agrotechnology applied at the seed multiplication farm. Important is also care about seed quality from seeding companies. Our manuscript is aimed on the evaluation of seed certification system in the Czech Republic. Thanks to the seeding companies (ZZN Pelhřimov and PRO-BIO s.r.o.) were obtained results from seed quality analysis. Our results brings overview about most frequent reasons for nonrecognition of organic seed, originated from organic farming. Our results also provides for the farmers recommendation how to produce high quality seed

Maize production for energy purposes - the emission load

The trend of increase in energy consumption has been recorded in a civilized society. Fossil fuels are the main sources. However, their world's reserves are limited. Therefore, developed countries pursue the possibilities of substituting for them. The solution may be renewable energy resources. Besides water and solar energy, biomass has the greatest potential. Its combustion, but also the transformation into biogas - a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide and other minor gases - are the most common possibilities for its use. Biogas produced by fermentation of plant biomass (phytomass) in biogas stations (BGS) ranks among the promising renewable energy sources. The input material of these stations is not only the biodegradable waste, but especially the phytomass grown on agricultural land. Maize (Zea mays L.) has been used most often so far for this purpose due to its high yields and a favorable chemical composition. However, maize production itself and especially technical processes associated with it participate in the anthropogenic emission production that contribute to the greenhouse effect. This article presents the results of monitoring of emission load resulting from the cultivation of maize (Zea mays L.) for energy purposes. As a tool for emission load measuring, the simplified LCA method, respectively its Climate change impact category, was used. For the calculations, the SIMAPro software and the ReCiPe Midpoint (H) Europe method were used. The input data were determined from the field experiments conducted on the lands of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice and supplemented with data from the Ecoinvent database. The life cycle modelling includes the farming phase (field emissions, seeds and seedlings, fertilizers, plant protection products, agrotechnical operations) and the functional unit of the whole process was 1 kg of dry matter of maize. The results show that the total emission load in the maize cultivation (with a total yield of 19.25 t·ha-1 DM) is 0.1499 kg CO2e·kg-1 DM and 0.04496 kg CO2e·kg-1 GM (at a dry matter content of 32%). The highest amount of the total CO2e burden comes from the nitrogen fertilizer application (0.06362 kg CO2e·kg2 DM) which is used for the fertilization of maize. 405.5 l of methane·kg-1 DM were obtained in survey tests of methane yield on average. 0.3696·10-3 kg of CO2e represents the emission load of one liter of methane

LCA method - Tool for food production evaluation

Food is one of the basic human physiological needs which cannot be substitute in any way or by anything. Like every human activity, also the food production has impact on the environment. In particular, people from developed countries begin to be interested in the environmental impacts caused by satisfying their needs. For the environmentally friendly selection, they need to know about these impacts. One of the methodological tools providing such information is the Life Cycle Assessment - LCA. LCA is a method for assessment of product environmental impacts during its entire life cycle. The results can be used to identify hot spots during the cycle and thus, to define possibilities for improving product environmental profile, to inform key persons and to find the related marketing mark. In addition to other benefits, we can use the LCA to carry out comparative studies that means comparing alternative products that serve the same purpose. Food production is composed of an agricultural phase, a processing phase and a trade phase. In our studies within the SUKI - Sustainable Kitchen project, the aim was to compare approximately 20 kinds of most commonly used foods aiming to the public catering facilities in terms of GHG emission load. Alternatives were cultivation methods - organic/conventional in the agricultural phase, processed/unprocessed in the processing phase and imported/regional and storage/fresh in the trade phase. Project results confirm the general assumption about the less emission load of unprocessed, fresh and regional products. For example, production of one kilogram of chips produces 11 times more emissions than the production of one kilogram of raw potatoes. Storage of tomatoes in cooling boxes for 7 days causes up to 40% of total emissions. Remaining 60% go to agriculture and transport. Regarding the agricultural phase evaluation, we cannot clearly state that products from organic farming produce less emissions. Among 11 evaluated agricultural products, 8 organic products go better as compared to only 3 conventional ones. Regarding the total sum, the situation is more complicated. Among 22 evaluated foods, organic food goes better in 11 cases as well as the conventional food. This situation is mainly caused by a lack of processing capacity for organic products resulting into too long transport distances